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"This definitive environmental history of medieval fish and fisheries provides a comprehensive examination of European engagement with aquatic systems between c. 500 and 1500 CE. Using textual, zooarchaeological, and natural records, Richard C. Hoffmann's unique study spans marine and freshwater fisheries across western Christendom, discusses effects of human-nature relations and presents a deeper understanding of evolving European aquatic ecosystems. Changing climates, landscapes, and fishing pressures affected local stocks enough to shift values of fish, fishing rights, and dietary expectations. Readers learn what the abbess Waldetrudis in seventh-century Hainault, King Ramiro II (d.1157) of Aragon, and thirteenth-century physician Aldebrandin of Siena shared with English antiquarian William Worcester (d.1482), and the young Martin Luther growing up in Germany soon thereafter. Sturgeon and herring, carp, cod, and tuna played distinctive roles. Hoffmann highlights how encounters between medieval Europeans and fish had consequences for society and the environment - then and now"--

Richard C. Hoffman's monumental study of rural life in medieval eastern Europe focuses on one region, the Duchy of Wroclaw, from the twelfth to sixteenth centuries. The duchy is in many ways a microcosm of medieval European society, and thus Hoffman's analysis addresses issues central to a broader understanding of a vanished society. His analysis of the records of the Duchy of Wroclaw challenges the western stereotypes of east central Europe that have been imposed on its medieval past by modern nationalisms. Honorable Mention, Wallace K. Ferguson Prize of the Canadian Historical Association

Preliminary Material /S. Bruce -- Introduction: Hoffmann In The Historiography Of Environmental History /S. Bruce -- Trees, Nuts, And Woods At The End Of The First Millennium: A Case From The Amalfi Coast /Paolo Squatriti -- The Great Famine: 1315–1322 Revisited /William Chester Jordan -- Rabbits Swimming Across Borders: Micro-Environmental Infrastructures And Macro-Environmental Change In Early Modern Holland /Petra J. E. M. Van Dam -- The Art Of Making The Earth Fruitful: Medieval And Early Modern Improvements Of Soil Fertility /Verena Winiwarter -- The Seasonality Of Fishing In Medieval Britain /Maryanne Kowaleski -- Reeling In The Eels At La Trinquetaille Near Arles /Constance H. Berman -- Reaching For A 'Natural Authority': The Rhône In Eighteenth-Century Lyon /Pierre Claude Reynard -- Defining 'Natural' Fish Communities For Fishery Management Purposes: Biological, Historical, And Archaeological Approaches /Wim Van Neer and Anton Ervynck -- Appendix: Richard C. Hoffmann: Works Published, 1971–2008 /Scott G. Bruce , Ellen Hoffmann and Jean Levy -- Index /S. Bruce.

L'agriculture portugaise a connu incontestablement un certain type de crise pendant le dernier quart du XIVe siècle. Le dernier roi de la dynastie bourguignonne, Fernando 1°, publia sa Lei de sesmarias en 1375, pour faire face au « grand manque de blé et d'orge et autres produits » : il prescrivait l'utilisation de toutes les terres, le recensement des terrains incultes, et le retour des paysans qui avaient abandonné leurs terres. Deux ans plus tard, les Cortès portugaises se plaignaient de paysans et d'éleveurs qui avaient émigré des campagnes vers les villes. Les insuffisances locales en fournitures de grain stimulaient apparemment l'augmentation des importations de céréales. Celles-ci avaient débuté sporadiquement au XIIIe siècle, mais devinrent régulières à la fin du XIVe. Ainsi, le traité de Windsor (1386) considérait-il les exportations de céréales d'Angleterre en Portugal comme une branche normale du commerce entre les deux Etats.

The ideas and practices that comprise "conservation" are often assumed to have arisen within the last two centuries. However, while conservation today has been undeniably entwined with processes of modernity, its historical roots run much deeper. Considering a variety of preindustrial European settings, this book assembles case studies from the medieval and early modern eras to demonstrate that practices like those advocated by modern conservationists were far more widespread and intentional than is widely acknowledged. As the first book-length treatment of the subject, Conservation's Roots provides broad social, historical, and environmental context for the emergence of the nineteenth-century conservation movement